Madagascar's Generation Z Protestors Push For Change

Nothing to Lose: Madagascar’s Gen Z Protesters Push For Change – and Get It Madagascar Rakotoarivao Andritiana Kevin, a 20-year-old Malagasy law student, walks to a public water fountain every day to wait 90 minutes before he can fill his water container – frequent water shortages in Madagascar often leave him going without at home. He has nowhere to turn to, however, when electrical surges during frequent power cuts damage his appliances and computers, and leave him in the dark. “Our lives are wrecked,” Kevin told the New York Times. “Everything is falling apart.” That’s why Kevin has been among the thousands of young people on the Indian Ocean island who have taken part in demonstrations for weeks. These began over these utility shortages but have since morphed into wider protests against the country’s high unemployment rate, cost-of-living, and its breathtaking landscape of corruption. On Tuesday, the protests brought down the government. Late Monday, President Andry Rajoelina said in a social media post from an undisclosed location that he had fled the country – with the help of France – in fear for his life after the elite CAPSAT military unit joined the protests over the weekend. He did not resign. “I was forced to find a safe place to protect my life,” Rajoelina said in his speech broadcast on the president’s official Facebook page. He said he was “on a mission to find solutions” and also dissolved the National Assembly, the lower house of parliament, by decree. Instead, the legislature voted Tuesday to impeach the president, a move that must be confirmed by the Constitutional Court to become valid. The problem is, the military government that took over the country on Tuesday under the leadership of Col Michael Randrianirina, chief of CAPSAT, said it has suspended the court and all other state institutions except the General Assembly – even as the court confirmed his new status as leader of the country. “We will form a government and reach consensus,” Randrianirina told reporters in Madagascar, adding that the country would hold elections within the next 18 months to two years. The CAPSAT chief said Gen Z Mada protesters would be part of the transformation because “the movement was created in the streets so we have to respect their demands.” He added that he and his fellow officers had no choice but to unseat the current regime: “There is no president, there is no government… nothing here works.” Over the weekend, CAPSAT soldiers posted a video to social media, telling their fellow soldiers, “Let us join forces, military, gendarmes, and police, and refuse to be paid to shoot our friends, our brothers and our sisters.” The protesters hailed the military takeover, remaining on the streets Tuesday, singing and dancing, joined by civil servants and union leaders. Workers at the state-owned utility company demanded that its CEO resign. “We’re so happy Andry Rajoelina is finally gone… We will start again,” high-school student Fih Nomensanahary told Reuters. Inspired by Gen Z protests erupting around the world against governments, the trigger for these demonstrations was the arrest on Sept. 25 of two leading politicians representing the capital, Antananarivo, who had planned protests in their city. Afterward, an online youth movement known as Gen Z Mada organized the marches there, which then spread to other cities across the island and have drawn Malagasy of all ages, underlining frustrations over corruption and living conditions that span generations, say analysts. Despite its rich natural resources, Madagascar is one of the world’s poorest countries, with nearly three-quarters of its population of 32 million living below the poverty line. The average annual income in 2025 was $461, almost half of what it was in 1960 when it became independent from France, a decline blamed on corruption. “We’re still struggling,” Heritiana Rafanomezantsoa, a protester in Antananarivo, told Agence France-Presse. “The problem is the system. Our lives haven’t improved since we gained independence from France.” The government, however, had reacted harshly to the protests: It deployed tear gas and live rounds demonstrators, killing at least 22 people and injuring hundreds more. Still, in late September, Rajoelina fired all his cabinet ministers in a bid to appease protesters and stop the unrest, the worst since his reelection in 2023 in a vote critics say was marred by fraud, and which the opposition boycotted. The move, however, failed to satisfy the demonstrators. The president refused to step down, instead describing the protests as an attempted coup. “(The protesters) have been exploited to provoke a coup,” said Rajoelina, a former DJ, who took power himself in a CAPSAT-backed coup in 2009. “Countries and agencies paid for this movement to get me out, not through elections, but for profit…” At the same time, Rajoelina, since early October, had been mobilizing thousands of his supporters in counter-protests that have been far smaller and, as anti-government protesters pointed out, allowed to gather. Supporters of the government say all is fine in the country. “We have water, we have electricity, it works very well,” one of the president’s supporters told Africanews, adding that they just wanted life to return to normal. Meanwhile, last week, Rajoelina appointed army Gen. Ruphin Fortunat Zafisambo as the new prime minister. The decision was seen as a significant militarization of the government and an effort by the president to secure the army’s support, the BBC wrote. Gen Z protesters, however, rejected Zafisambo’s appointment: In addition to Rajoelina’s resignation, they wanted the dissolution of parliament, the replacement of constitutional court judges and electoral commission members, and a crackdown on corruption, including investigations into the president and top businessmen close to him. Now, analysts say his fate is likely to echo that of his predecessor, Marc Ravalomanana, who was ousted by protesters in 2009. “He has left the country and doesn’t have a government in place because he dismissed it a week ago – and he doesn’t have the support of the legislature, the army, or his people,” said Luke Freeman of the University College London in an interview with France 24. “It will be difficult for him to come back from this,” he added. “The challenge for Gen Z now is to stay part of the conversation, now that the army and the politicians are taking the lead in moving (the country) forward. They don’t want a situation where all of their efforts get taken over by the old guard whom they want to see replaced, within the old system that they want overthrown.” Share this story